Allah the Exalted said: "Did We not give you a life long enough so that whosoever would receive admonition could receive it? And the warner came to you." [Fatir: 37]
Ibn Abbas and the scholars stated that it means: Did We not give you sixty years? This is supported by the hadith we will mention, in sha Allah. Others said it means eighteen years, while others said forty years, like al-Hasan, al-Kalbi, and Masruq, and this was also reported from Ibn Abbas. They reported that when the people of Madinah reached forty years of age, they would dedicate themselves to worship. It is also said that it refers to reaching the age of accountability (puberty).
As for His saying, "And the warner came to you," Ibn Abbas and the majority said it refers to the Prophet ﷺ. Others said it refers to gray hair, as stated by Ikrimah, Ibn Uyaynah, and others. And Allah knows best. Regarding the hadiths...
قَالَ الله تَعَالَى: ﴿أَوَلَمْ نُعَمِّرْكُمْ مَا يَتَذَكَّرُ فِيهِ مَنْ تَذَكَّرَ وَجَاءكُمُ النَّذِيرُ﴾ [فاطر: ٣٧]
قَالَ ابن عباس والمُحَقِّقُونَ: معناه أَو لَمْ نُعَمِّرْكُمْ سِتِّينَ سَنَةً؟ وَيُؤَيِّدُهُ الحديث الَّذِي سنذْكُرُهُ إنْ شاء الله تَعَالَى، وقيل: معناه ثماني عَشْرَة سَنَةً، وقيل: أرْبَعينَ سَنَةً، قاله الحسن والكلبي ومسروق ونُقِلَ عن ابن عباس أيضًا. وَنَقَلُوا أنَّ أَهْلَ المدينَةِ كانوا إِذَا بَلَغَ أَحَدُهُمْ أربْعينَ سَنَةً تَفَرَّغَ للعِبادَةِ، وقيل: هُوَ البُلُوغُ.
وقوله تَعَالَى: ﴿وجَاءكُمُ النَّذِيرُ﴾ قَالَ ابن عباس والجمهور: هُوَ النَّبيّ - ﷺ - وقيل: الشَّيبُ، قاله عِكْرِمَةُ وابن عُيَيْنَة وغيرهما. والله أعلم. وأما الأحاديث
The Prophet ﷺ said, "Allah will not accept the excuse of any person ˹for his heedlessness˺ whose time of death is delayed until he reaches the age of sixty years."
عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: «أَعْذَرَ اللَّهُ إِلَى امْرِئٍ أَخَّرَ أَجَلَهُ حَتَّى بَلَّغَهُ سِتِّينَ سَنَةً».
Umar used to admit me among the elders of Badr. Some of them said, “Why do you admit this young man among us when we have sons like him?” He said, “He is among those whom you already know.”
He said: So he summoned them one day and summoned me with them. He said: I did not think he summoned me that day except to show them something of me. He said, “What do you say about: “When the help of Allah and the conquest come, and you see the people entering...” until he completed the surah?” Some of them said, “We were commanded to praise Allah and seek His forgiveness when we are helped and victory is granted to us.” Others said, “We do not know,” or some of them said nothing.
Then he said to me, “O Ibn Abbas, is that what you say?” I said, “No.” He said, “Then what do you say?” I said, “It is the appointed time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, which Allah informed him of: “When the help of Allah and the conquest come,” meaning the conquest of Makkah; that is the sign of your appointed time. “So glorify the praise of your Lord and seek His forgiveness; indeed, He is ever accepting of repentance.” Umar said, “I know nothing of it except what you know.”
كَانَ عُمَرُ يُدْخِلُنِي مَعَ أَشْيَاخِ بَدْرٍ. فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: لِمَ تُدْخِلُ هَذَا الْفَتَى مَعَنَا وَلَنَا أَبْنَاءٌ مِثْلُهُ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ مِمَّنْ قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ.
قَالَ: فَدَعَاهُمْ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ وَدَعَانِي مَعَهُمْ. قَالَ: وَمَا رُئِيتُهُ دَعَانِي يَوْمَئِذٍ إِلاَّ لِيُرِيَهُمْ مِنِّي. فَقَالَ: مَا تَقُولُونَ ﴿ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ * وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ ﴾ حَتَّى خَتَمَ السُّورَةَ؟ فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: أُمِرْنَا أَنْ نَحْمَدَ اللَّهَ وَنَسْتَغْفِرَهُ إِذَا نُصِرْنَا وَفُتِحَ عَلَيْنَا. وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: لاَ نَدْرِي، أَوْ لَمْ يَقُلْ بَعْضُهُمْ شَيْئًا.
فَقَالَ لِي: يَا ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، أَكَذَاكَ تَقُولُ؟ قُلْتُ: لاَ. قَالَ: فَمَا تَقُولُ؟ قُلْتُ: هُوَ أَجَلُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَعْلَمَهُ اللَّهُ لَهُ ﴿ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ ﴾ فَتْحُ مَكَّةَ فَذَاكَ عَلاَمَةُ أَجَلِكَ ﴿ فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا ﴾ قَالَ عُمَرُ: مَا أَعْلَمُ مِنْهَا إِلاَّ مَا تَعْلَمُ.
The Prophet ﷺ did not perform any prayer after "When the help of Allah and the conquest come" had been revealed to him except that he would say in it:
subḥānaka rabbanā wa-bi-ḥamdik, allāhumma ighfirlī
(Glory be to You, our Lord, and praise be to You. O Allah, forgive me.)
مَا صَلَّى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ صَلاَةً بَعْدَ أَنْ نَزَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ ﴿إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ﴾ إِلاَّ يَقُولُ فِيهَا: «سُبْحَانَكَ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمْدِكَ، اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي».
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ would often say in his bowing and prostration:
subḥānak allāhumma rabbanā wa-bi-ḥamdik, allāhumma ighfirli
(Glory be to You, O Allah, our Lord, and with Your praise. O Allah, forgive me.)
He was acting in accordance with the Quran.
كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُكْثِرُ أَنْ يَقُولَ فِي رُكُوعِهِ وَسُجُودِهِ:
«سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمْدِكَ، اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي»،
يَتَأَوَّلُ الْقُرْآنَ.
Before his death, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ would often say:
subḥānaka wa-bi-ḥamdik, astaghfiruka wa-atūbu ilayk
(Glory be to You, and with Your praise; I seek Your forgiveness and repent to You.)
She said: I said, “O Messenger of Allah, what are these words which I see you have newly begun saying?” He said: "A sign has been appointed for me among my ummah; when I see it, I say these words: "When the victory of Allah and the conquest come," to the end of the surah.
كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُكْثِرُ أَنْ يَقُولَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمُوتَ:
«سُبْحَانَكَ وَبِحَمْدِكَ، أَسْتَغْفِرُكَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْكَ».
قَالَتْ: قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، مَا هَذِهِ الْكَلِمَاتُ الَّتِي أَرَاكَ أَحْدَثْتَهَا تَقُولُهَا؟ قَالَ: «جُعِلَتْ لِي عَلاَمَةٌ فِي أُمَّتِي إِذَا رَأَيْتُهَا قُلْتُهَا: ﴿إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ﴾ إِلَى آخِرِ السُّورَةِ».
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ would frequently say:
subḥān Allāhi wa-bi-ḥamdihī, astaghfir Allah wa-atūbu ilayh
(Glory be to Allah and praise be to Him; I ask Allah for forgiveness and repent to Him.)
She said: I said: O Messenger of Allah, I see you frequently saying: "Glory be to Allah and praise be to Him; I ask Allah for forgiveness and repent to Him." He said: "My Lord informed me that I would see a sign among my ummah. When I see it, I should frequently say: Glory be to Allah and praise be to Him; I ask Allah for forgiveness and repent to Him. I have indeed seen it: "When the victory of Allah and the conquest come", the conquest of Makkah," and you see people entering the religion of Allah in crowds, then glorify your Lord with praise and ask His forgiveness; indeed, He is ever Accepting of repentance.""
كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُكْثِرُ مِنْ قَوْلِ:
«سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ، أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ».
قَالَتْ: فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَرَاكَ تُكْثِرُ مِنْ قَوْلِ: «سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ، أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ»، فَقَالَ: «خَبَّرَنِي رَبِّي أَنِّي سَأَرَى عَلاَمَةً فِي أُمَّتِي، فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُهَا أَكْثَرْتُ مِنْ قَوْلِ: سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ، أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُهَا: ﴿إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ﴾ فَتْحُ مَكَّةَ، ﴿وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا * فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ، إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا﴾.»
that Allah ﷻ continued to send revelation to His Messenger ﷺ before his death, until He took him, at the time when revelation was at its most abundant. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died after that.
أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى تَابَعَ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ وَفَاتِهِ حَتَّى تَوَفَّاهُ، أَكْثَرَ مَا كَانَ الْوَحْىُ، ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعْدُ.
I heard the Prophet ﷺ say: "Every servant will be resurrected upon what he died upon."
سَمِعْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يَقُولُ: «يُبْعَثُ كُلُّ عَبْدٍ عَلَى مَا مَاتَ عَلَيْهِ».